Science

Mathematics

• Math
• c. 300 BCE – Euclid writes Elements, a foundational text in geometry and logical deduction.
• c. 250 BCE – Archimedes works on calculus-like methods and hydrostatics.
• c. 200 BCE – Apollonius develops conic sections.
• 628 CE – Brahmagupta defines zero as a number and describes rules for arithmetic operations.
• 1545 – Gerolamo Cardano publishes Ars Magna, solving cubic and quartic equations.
• 1614 – John Napier publishes the first tables of logarithms.
• 1637 – René Descartes introduces analytic geometry in La Géométrie.
• 1665–1666 – Isaac Newton develops calculus and laws of motion.
• 1684 – Leibniz publishes his version of calculus independently of Newton.
• 1736 – Leonhard Euler founds graph theory with the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem.
• 1821 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy formalizes analysis, introduces rigorous definitions of limits and continuity.
• 1854 – George Boole publishes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, founding Boolean algebra.
• 1874 – Georg Cantor founds set theory with his proof that real numbers are uncountable.
• 1899 – David Hilbert publishes Foundations of Geometry, formalizing Euclidean geometry.
• 1900 – Hilbert's 23 problems presented at the International Congress of Mathematicians.
• 1931 – Kurt Gödel proves his incompleteness theorems, showing limits of formal systems.
• 1936 – Alan Turing introduces the Turing machine, laying foundations for computer science.
• 1945 – Von Neumann architecture for computers proposed.
• 1963 – Paul Cohen proves the independence of the continuum hypothesis using forcing.
• 1972 – Per Martin-Löf introduces Martin-Löf Type Theory, foundational for constructive mathematics and computer science.
• 1994 – Andrew Wiles proves Fermat’s Last Theorem, solving a 350-year-old problem.
• Astro Math (Mathematics applied to celestial phenomena)

Physics

• 2000 Astronomy
• 1600 Optics
• 1687 Mechanics
• 1820 Electrodynamics
• 1824 Thermodynamics
• 1900 Quantum Physics
• 1905 Relativity (Special and General)
• 1930 Particle Physics
• 1950 Nuclear Physics
• 1960 Condensed Matter Physics
• 1970 Quantum Field Theory
• 1990 Quantum Information Science
• 2000 Astroparticle Physics
• 2015 Gravitational Wave Physics

Key Figures and Contributions

• Newton 1643 (Physics, mathematics, gravitation)
• Charles Darwin 1809 (Evolutionary biology)
• Karl Marx 1818 (Political theory, socio-economics)
• Maxwell 1831 (Electromagnetism, advancements in electrical engineering)
• Ivan Pavlov 1849 (Behavioral psychology, classical conditioning)
• Tesla 1856 (Electromagnetism, advancements in electrical engineering)
• Bertrand Russell 1872 (Philosophy, mathematical logic)
• Einstein 1879 (Relativity, quantum theory)
• Lev Landau 1908 (Theoretical physics, quantum mechanics, condensed matter, Landau theory of phase transitions)
• Feynman 1918 (Quantum physics, popular science communicator)

Philosophy and Methods

• Scientific Method (Systematic approaches to scientific inquiry)
• TRIZ (Theory of inventive problem solving)
• Critical Thinking (Evaluation of arguments and evidence)
• Humanism
• Education = dedication
• Learn by doing
• You don't stop learning because you grow old. You grow old because you stop learning
  • R. Feynman
• 3x5 why analysis
• Deliberate practice
• Simulation modeling
• Doing something poorly today is better than doing something well but never.
• The point of learning new framework is not to accomplish something with it, but rather to engage in deliberate practice to understand its limitations as a technology. But if you’re coding just for the sake of it without producing anything tangible, it’s a waste of time—there should be artifacts of your efforts left behind.
• New skills are considered not separately, but in connection with all other skills
• Knowledge of a few principles relieves the need to know many facts
• Accordingly, if you learn a general principle, you should eliminate redundancy in your mind to make room for more information
• Study what you use constantly
• Replace specific knowledge that you use constantly with general knowledge of the same kind